First: The game you linked to in the other thread literally displays "Winner Wentu" and "Loser bschnapp". You received +10 Elo and your opponent received -10 Elo. So what on earth made you think that you did not officially won this game?!
To be clear about the stars: These represent in-game scores. So e.g. in 7Wonders, the displayed number next to the star icon would be roughly sth between 40 and 60. In Santorini, there is not really a score in the game. So the developers artificially created a score by giving one point to the player who achieved the win condition in-game. But that doesn't mean that achieving the win condition is the only way to win, a conceding opponent is equivalent.